Gizmo Answer Key: Feel the Heat

Name: Armando Barber Date: 04-11-2022 Student Exploration: Feel the Heat Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions andprompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary : calorimeter, conductor, controlled experiment, dissolve, endothermic, exothermic, insulator, solute, solution, solvent, surroundings, system Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Eduardo hurts his knee during a basketball game. The trainer applies a cold pack, which gets cold after beingsqueezed. The next day, Eduardo’s friend Beth is going sledding. Beth buys some hand warmers and putsthem into her gloves. All morning, her hands stay toasty warm. 1. How do you think these devices work? These devices operate using two different solutions. 2. Where do you think the “cold” and the heat comes from? Heat is produced when the substances combine. Gizmo Warm-up As you saw with the instant cold pack and the hand warmers, some reactions absorbenergy while others release it. In the Feel the Heat Gizmo, you will explore these energy changes while making your own hot and cold packs. To begin, select the TEST POWDERS tab. Drag a bottle of NaC 2 H 3 O 2 (sodium acetate) from the shelf. Using the sliders, decide how much water and powder to add. Note thebeginning temperature, and then press Play ( ) to see what happens. 1. Did the temperature go up or down? Up 2. Experiment with different powders until you find one that produces the opposite effect. What powder did you use? When a powder dissolves in water a solution is formed. The powder is the solute and the water is the solvent. Oftentimes energy changes accompany the formation of a solution. When added to water, some powders cause the resulting solution to get hot, while others make it cold. Some powders don’t produce atemperature change at all. When energy changes do occur, they can be put to good use. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

Activity A: Molecular view Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Reset ( ). ● Drag a bottle of NaC 2 H 3 O 2 from the shelf. Introduction: The reactions in this activity are performed within a calorimeter , an insulated device that keeps heat from escaping, enabling you to accurately record temperature changes. Question: Why does the temperature change when a powder is dissolved in water? 1. Observe: Turn on Show molecular view , and notice the water molecules. Set the Water volume to 100 mL and the Powder mass to 20 g, and then click Play . Click Pause ( ) after adding the powder. You should now see show some sodium acetate in the water. A. What color represents the bonds between the particles of NaC 2 H 3 O 2 ? Purple B. Click Play . Watch the animation a few times. What happens to the NaC 2 H 3 O 2 bonds? When they break, they fuse with water. C. What happens to the bonds between water molecules? Break D. What color are the new bonds that form between the solute and solvent? Orange 2. Investigate: In the animation, the purple arrows represent energy that is being absorbed from the water, while the orange arrows show energy that is being released into the solution. A. Replay the animation, carefully noting the purple arrows. What does this absorbed energy do? Then it vanishes while pointing at the orange bond. B. Now replay the animation but focus on the orange arrows. What occurs every time an orange arrow is released? C. Fill in the blanks: When bonds are broken, energy is absorbed When new bonds form, energy is released Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

D. Based on the arrow sizes, do you think more energy is absorbed in breaking bonds, or is more energy released when new bonds form? When thee energy is released E. Which bonds do you think are stronger, the bonds that are broken or the bonds that are formed? Explain your reasoning. Because the products have less energy than the reactants, bonds can form. 3. Infer: Drag a bottle of KCl from the shelf. Add 20 g of KCl to 100 mL of water. Click Play and look once again at the molecular view. A. Did the temperature rise or fall? Fall B. Compare the purple and orange arrows. Does more energy go into breaking bonds, or is more energy released when new bonds form? C Which bonds are stronger: the bonds formed or the bonds broken? The ties that havebeen severed Explain your reasoning. Requires more energy. 4. Think and discuss: Based on your observations, why do you think the temperature of the NaC 2 H 3 O 2 solution rose while that of the KCl solution fell? The energy released from KCl while the energy 5. Think and discuss: If a solute has really strong bonds between its particles, would you expect the resulting solution to get hot or cold? Explain your reasoning. 6. Infer: Some powders produce little to no temperature change when added to water. Find the powder that has the smallest effect on the temperature of the resulting solution. A. What is the identity of this powder? NaBr B. How do the purple and orange arrows compare? Same size Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

C. For this powder, how do you think the strength of the bonds that are broken compare to those that are formed? They are equal 7. Predict: Set the water to 200 mL and the powder to 1 g. Test each powder, looking only at the molecular view each time. After carefully observing the arrows, predict the following. Which powder do you think will produce the hottest solution? CaCL2 Which powder do you think will produce the coldest solution? Nh4NO3 Activity B: Test powders Get the Gizmo ready: ● Turn off Show molecular view . ● Click Reset . Introduction: In order to determine which combination of water and powder will produce the greatest temperature change, it is necessary to perform a controlled experiment . In a controlled experiment only one variable at a time is changed so its effect can be measured. Question: Which combination of powder and water will produce the greatest temperature increase, andwhich will produce the greatest temperature decrease? 1. Experiment: For the first controlled experiment, decide how much water you want to use. Add some powder. Note the temperature change. Keeping the water amount constant, add a different amount of the Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

same powder and note the final temperature. Keep adjusting only the powder amount until you havediscovered how it affects the solution temperature. What relationship did you discover between the amount of powder used and the change in temperature? 2. Experiment: For the next controlled experiment, repeat the above procedure, except this time keep the amount of powder constant and vary the amount of water. What relationship did you discover between the amount of water used and the change in temperature? Ultimately, the water's temperature changed. 3. Collect data: For each substance, determine which combination of water and powder will give you the greatest temperature increase or decrease. Record data below. Type of powder Volume of water (mL) Mass of powder (g) Initial temp. (ºC) Final temp. (ºC) Temp. change (ºC) NaC2H3O2 50 ml 35g 25c 41 16 CaCl2 50 ml 35g 25c 97 72 NH4NO3 50 ml 35g 25c -7 32 KCI 50 ml 35g 25c 11 14 NaBr 50 ml 35g 25c 26 1 NaCl 50 ml 35g 25c 21 4 Which powder produced the greatest temperature increase? CaCl2 Which powder produced the greatest temperature decrease? NH4NO3 How do these results compare to the predictions you made at the end of activity A? They are similar. Activity C: Create device Get the Gizmo ready: ● Select the CREATE DEVICE tab. ● Choose LDPE and drag it to the appropriate box. Introduction: In a hot pack, an exothermic reaction occurs, since energy is released from the system to the surroundings . In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed by the system, causing the surroundings to get colder. (The hot or cold pack can be defined as the system.) Question: Would it be better to use a material that releases heat quickly or slowly? 1. Experiment: Notice the five types of bag materials. LDPE, HDPE, and Mylar are types of plastic, while latex and neoprene are types of rubber. Find the combination of water and powder that produces the maximumtemperature increase. To maintain a controlled experiment, use the same amounts of water and powder ineach bag. Record data below: Type of material LDPE HDPE Latex Mylar Neoprene Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

Maximum temp. (ºC) 67deg 64deg 65deg 68deg 54deg 2. Analyze: Use the above data table to answer the following. A. Which pack material got the hottest? Myler Why do you think the outside of this pack got hotter than the other ones? Bonds were stronger B. In which pack material did you see the lowest maximum temperature? Neoprene Why do you think the outside of this pack did not get as hot as the others? There is energy absorption 3. Apply: Turn on Show data to view a graph of the temperature distribution. Take a snapshot of the graph by clicking the camera icon 📷 , then paste it into the document. A. Write down your observations about the graph, noting any trends you see. Myler B. What material would enable you to warm your hands the fastest? Neoprene 4. Analyze: Heat will travel quickly through a conductor , but more slowly through an insulator. A good conductor will heat up quickly and cool down quickly. The best insulators take longer to warm up but thenstay warm for a longer period of time. A. Which material is the best conductor? Myler B. Which material is the best insulator? Neoprene C. If the bag was made from a metal (like sturdy aluminum foil), do you think it would lose its heat faster or slower than the plastic bags? Explain your reasoning. Slower because metals are hear conductors. 5. Experiment: To construct a cold pack, choose the powder from activity B that produced the greatest temperature decrease. Just like with the hot pack, use the same amounts of water and powder in eachpack. Test each of the five types of materials. Record data below: Type of material LDPE HDPE Latex Mylar Neoprene Maximum temp. (ºC) 7 7 7 6 12 Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved

6. Analyze: Use the above data to answer the following. A. Which material gave you the coldest pack? Myler B. Which material would produce the longest-lasting cold pack? Neoprene 7. Compare: Take a snapshot of the graph by clicking the camera icon, then paste it into a blank document to turn in. Compare the temperature graphs for the cold and hot packs. A. Did the material that got the hottest also get the coldest? yes B. Did the material that stayed warm the longest also stay cold the longest? yes 8. Interpret: Since hot packs release heat, you might assume that cold packs release cold. Use the definition of endothermic to explain why this view of cold packs is not accurate. Extension: Challenge Get the Gizmo ready: ● Select the CREATE DEVICE tab. Introduction: Hot and cold packs can be used for a variety of purposes. A pack that is blistering hot or freezing cold might not always be the most practical. For example, a typical hot pack you might buy from thestore will only reach a maximum temperature of around 54 ºC. If it gets much hotter it might burn the skin.Some packs are designed to heat or cool quickly, while others last for a longer period of time. In this activity,you will be challenged to design several different packs that each meet certain specifications. Question: Can you make a hot or cold pack that will stay within a certain temperature range for aspecified period of time? Think and discuss: Think about all the times a hot pack might be nice to have. List as many practical uses asyou can for a hot pack. Heats improve blood flow and warm to help the body. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved